Languages of Africa: Official Languages, Families and Speakers
About 2,000 Languages Across 54 Countries
Africa has roughly 2,000 living languages, about a third of the world's total. The most widely spoken are Arabic, English, French and Swahili, followed by Hausa, Amharic, Yoruba and Oromo. Most African languages belong to four families: Niger-Congo, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan and the Khoisan click languages. English, French, Arabic and Portuguese are the most common official languages.
Official Languages at a Glance
Counts of African countries where each language has official or co-official status, as of September 2026. Many countries have more than one official language, so the totals add up to more than 54.
| Language | Countries | Where |
|---|---|---|
| English | 22 | Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Eswatini, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also used officially in Mauritius and as a working language in Eritrea and Niger. |
| French | 18 | Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo. A working language in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, and widely used in Mauritius and the Maghreb. |
| Arabic | 11 | Algeria, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia. Also a working language in Eritrea. |
| Portuguese | 6 | Angola, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe |
| Swahili | 4 | Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda. It is also a national language of DR Congo. |
| Spanish | 1 | Equatorial Guinea |
Country lists: English-speaking, French-speaking, Arabic-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa.
Most Spoken Languages in Africa
Speaker numbers are rough estimates that include second-language speakers. Sources such as Ethnologue and national censuses differ widely, especially for lingua francas like Swahili and English, so treat the order as approximate.
| Language | Estimated speakers in Africa | Main countries | Family |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | about 250 million | Egypt, Algeria, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Chad | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) |
| English | 150 million or more, mostly second-language | Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe | Indo-European |
| French | 150–200 million, mostly second-language | DR Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Madagascar, Senegal, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia | Indo-European |
| Swahili | 100 million or more, mostly second-language | Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi | Niger-Congo (Bantu) |
| Hausa | about 80 million | Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Cameroon, Chad | Afro-Asiatic (Chadic) |
| Amharic | about 60 million | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) |
| Yoruba | about 50 million | Nigeria, Benin, Togo | Niger-Congo |
| Oromo | about 45 million | Ethiopia, Kenya | Afro-Asiatic (Cushitic) |
| Portuguese | about 40 million | Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cabo Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe | Indo-European |
| Fula (Fulani) | about 40 million | Nigeria, Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Cameroon, Niger and 15+ other countries | Niger-Congo (Atlantic) |
| Igbo | about 30–45 million | Nigeria | Niger-Congo |
African Language Families
Linguists usually group Africa's languages into four families. Malagasy, spoken in Madagascar, is an exception: it belongs to the Austronesian family, and its closest relatives are languages of Borneo in Southeast Asia.
Afro-Asiatic Family
Afro-Asiatic has about 375 languages and is one of the oldest documented language families. In Africa its main branches are Semitic (Arabic, Amharic, Tigrinya), Berber, Cushitic (Oromo, Somali) and Chadic (Hausa). Ancient Egyptian, whose last descendant, Coptic, survives as a liturgical language, also belonged to this family.
Major Languages:
- Arabic - about 250 million speakers across North Africa and Sudan
- Hausa - about 80 million, including second-language speakers
- Amharic - about 60 million, including second-language speakers
- Oromo - about 45 million in Ethiopia and Kenya
- Somali - over 20 million in the Horn of Africa
- Berber/Tamazight - tens of millions in Morocco and Algeria (estimates vary widely)
Characteristics: Many Afro-Asiatic languages use root-and-pattern morphology, where vowel patterns inserted into consonant roots create related words. Arabic uses Arabic script, Amharic and Tigrinya use the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script, and Berber languages are written in Tifinagh, Latin or Arabic script.
Niger-Congo Family
Niger-Congo is the largest language family in Africa, and in the world, by number of languages, with around 1,500. It includes the Bantu languages that dominate Central, East and Southern Africa, as well as major West African languages.
Major Languages:
- Swahili - 100 million or more, the lingua franca of East Africa
- Yoruba - about 50 million in Nigeria, Benin and Togo
- Fula/Fulani - about 40 million across the Sahel and West Africa
- Igbo - about 30–45 million in Nigeria
- Zulu - about 15 million first-language speakers in South Africa, many more as a second language
- Shona - about 11 million in Zimbabwe
- Lingala - a major lingua franca in DR Congo and the Republic of the Congo
- Xhosa - about 10 million first-language speakers in South Africa
Characteristics: Bantu languages have noun class systems in which prefixes mark the class of a noun and trigger agreement across the sentence. Most Niger-Congo languages are tonal, meaning that pitch changes the meaning of a word.
Nilo-Saharan Family
A scattered group of around 200 languages spoken from Mali to Tanzania. Linguists still debate whether all of them really descend from a single ancestor.
Major Languages:
- Kanuri - about 4 million in Nigeria, Niger and Chad
- Luo (Dholuo) - about 5 million in Kenya and Tanzania
- Zarma-Songhai - several million in Niger and Mali
- Dinka - several million in South Sudan
- Nuer - about 2 million in South Sudan and Ethiopia
- Maasai (Maa) - about 1.5 million in Kenya and Tanzania
Characteristics: Many Nilo-Saharan languages have complex tone systems and vowel harmony. They are spoken largely by pastoral and farming communities across the Sahel and the Nile basin.
Khoisan Languages
Known for their click consonants, the Khoisan languages are now spoken by small communities, mainly in the Kalahari. “Khoisan” is a convenient label rather than a proven family: linguists divide these languages into several separate families (Khoe-Kwadi, Tuu and Kx'a) plus the isolates Sandawe and Hadza in Tanzania.
Major Languages:
- Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara) - about 200,000 speakers, mainly in Namibia
- Sandawe - about 60,000 in Tanzania
- !Kung (Ju) - several thousand in Namibia, Botswana and Angola
- Taa (!Xóõ) - a few thousand in Botswana and Namibia
- Hadza - about 1,000 in Tanzania
Characteristics: Khoisan languages use clicks as ordinary consonants, and some have among the largest sound inventories of any language. Zulu and Xhosa borrowed their clicks from Khoisan neighbours. Many Khoisan languages are endangered.
European Languages in Africa
Colonial rule left English, French and Portuguese, and to a lesser extent Spanish, as official languages in most African countries. They remain the main languages of government, higher education and international business, although most Africans speak them as a second language.
French
Countries: Official in 18 African countries, mostly in West and Central Africa. Mali (2023), Burkina Faso (2023) and Niger (2025) have reclassified French as a working language, although it is still widely used in their administrations and schools.
Largest French-speaking countries:
- DR Congo (about 110 million people)
- Côte d'Ivoire (about 32 million)
- Madagascar (about 32 million)
- Cameroon (about 29 million)
- Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also use French widely without official status
Impact: French is one of the African Union's working languages, alongside Arabic, English, Portuguese, Spanish and Swahili. Because Africa's population is growing fast, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie projects that most of the world's French speakers will live in Africa by 2050.
English
Countries: Official or co-official in 22 African countries, mostly in East, Southern and West Africa, and used in government in Mauritius.
Largest English-speaking countries:
- Nigeria (about 230 million people)
- South Africa (about 63 million)
- Kenya (about 56 million)
- Tanzania (about 68 million; Swahili is the main national language)
- Uganda (about 50 million)
- Ghana (about 34 million)
Impact: English dominates business, technology and higher education in much of Africa. In Nigeria, with more than 500 indigenous languages, it serves as the common language of government, alongside the widely spoken Nigerian Pidgin.
Portuguese
Countries: 6 African countries. Five are known as PALOP (Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa); Equatorial Guinea added Portuguese as a third official language in 2010.
Lusophone African countries:
- Angola (about 37 million people)
- Mozambique (about 34 million)
- Guinea-Bissau (about 2.2 million)
- Equatorial Guinea (co-official, about 1.9 million)
- Cabo Verde (about 0.5 million)
- São Tomé and Príncipe (about 0.2 million)
Impact: All six are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) with Portugal, Brazil and Timor-Leste. In Angola, Portuguese is the first language of a large share of city dwellers; in Mozambique it is more often a second language.
Other European Languages
Spanish: Official in Equatorial Guinea. It is also spoken in northern Morocco, in the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and by older people in Western Sahara.
Afrikaans: Developed from Dutch in South Africa; about 7 million first-language speakers in South Africa and Namibia and many more second-language speakers.
Italian: Historical influence in Libya, Eritrea and Somalia; limited everyday use today.
German: Spoken by a small community in Namibia, a former German colony; German rule also covered Tanzania (Tanganyika), Rwanda, Burundi, Togo and Cameroon.
The Colonial Language Debate
The use of former colonial languages remains contested. They offer access to international trade, science and higher education, and they can act as neutral languages in countries with hundreds of ethnic groups. Critics argue that they disadvantage children who do not speak them at home and marginalise African languages. Tanzania built national identity around Swahili, and Ethiopia, which was never a colony, uses Amharic and other Ethiopian languages in government. Since 2023, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger have moved French from official language to working language as part of a wider break with France.
Languages by African Region
Regions follow the UN geoscheme used across this site (see Regions of Africa).
North Africa
Dominant Languages: Arabic (official in all six countries), Berber (Tamazight) languages, French
Modern Standard Arabic is used for official purposes, while spoken dialects such as Moroccan Darija, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, Egyptian and Sudanese Arabic are used in daily life. Berber languages, spoken in the region for thousands of years, gained official status in Morocco (2011) and Algeria (2016). Mauritania is also Arabic-speaking but is counted in West Africa under the UN scheme.
Countries: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia
- Berber languages such as Tashelhit, Kabyle, Tarifit and Central Atlas Tamazight are spoken by a large minority, especially in Morocco and Algeria
- French is widely used in business and higher education in the Maghreb
- Egyptian Arabic is understood across the Arab world thanks to Egypt's film and TV industry
- English is co-official in Sudan
West Africa
Dominant Languages: French, English, Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Wolof, Akan, Bambara
West Africa is one of the most linguistically diverse regions on Earth, with well over 1,000 languages. Official languages follow colonial history: French in 5 countries (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, Togo) and a working language in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger; English in 5 (Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia); Portuguese in 2 (Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau); and Arabic in Mauritania.
Countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
- Nigeria alone has more than 500 languages; Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo are the largest
- Hausa is a lingua franca across northern Nigeria, Niger and much of the Sahel
- Wolof is spoken by most Senegalese, and Bambara by most Malians, as a first or second language
- Fula (Fulani/Pulaar) is spoken in about 20 countries
- Pidgin English is a lingua franca in Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon; Krio in Sierra Leone
East Africa
Dominant Languages: Swahili, English, Amharic, Oromo, Somali, Tigrinya
Swahili is the main lingua franca from the Kenyan coast to eastern DR Congo and is one of the African Union's working languages. The Horn of Africa is dominated by Afro-Asiatic languages: Amharic, Oromo and Tigrinya in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Somali in Somalia, Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia.
Countries (UN definition, 18): Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
- Swahili is official in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda
- English is official in most of the region; French in Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Madagascar, Rwanda and Seychelles
- Amharic is written in the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script
- Ethiopia has more than 80 languages; Oromo has the most native speakers
- Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, more than any other country in Africa
Central Africa
Dominant Languages: French, Portuguese, Lingala, Kikongo, Sango, Chadian Arabic
Most of Central Africa is French-speaking, but Bantu languages dominate daily life. DR Congo, the largest French-speaking country in the world by population, recognises four national languages alongside French and has more than 200 languages in total.
Countries (UN definition, 9): Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, São Tomé and Príncipe
- French is official in 7 countries; Portuguese in Angola, São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea; Spanish in Equatorial Guinea
- Lingala is widely spoken in Kinshasa and Brazzaville and popularised by Congolese music
- Sango is co-official in the Central African Republic and spoken by almost the whole population
- Cameroon is officially bilingual in French and English and has around 250 languages
Southern Africa
Dominant Languages: English, Afrikaans, Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Swati, Oshiwambo
South Africa has 12 official languages, the most after Zimbabwe; South African Sign Language became the twelfth in 2023. Across the region, Bantu languages such as Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho and Tswana are spoken alongside English and Afrikaans.
Countries (UN definition, 5): Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa. In a wider, commonly used definition, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Angola are also included.
- South Africa: Zulu (about a quarter of the population), Xhosa and Afrikaans are the most common home languages; English is the main language of business
- Botswana: English is official and Setswana is the national language, spoken by the large majority
- Lesotho and Eswatini are unusual in Africa: nearly everyone speaks the same African language (Sesotho and siSwati)
- Namibia: English is the only official language, though few speak it at home; Oshiwambo is the most common home language
- Mozambique (wider definition): Portuguese is a first language for only about 17% of people (2017 census), while Emakhuwa is the most common mother tongue
Language Policy and Multilingualism in Africa
Most Africans speak two or more languages: a home language, a regional lingua franca and often an official European language. Language policies balance national unity, education and cultural preservation in different ways.
Official vs. National Languages
Official languages are used in government, the courts, official documents and usually secondary and higher education. They are typically former colonial languages (English, French, Portuguese) or widely spoken African languages (Arabic, Swahili, Amharic).
National languages are recognised for their cultural importance without necessarily having official status. For example, Nigeria's constitution allows Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo to be used in the National Assembly alongside English, and Senegal recognises Wolof and more than 20 other national languages.
Models of Multilingual Policy
- Single European official language: for example Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Angola and Mozambique
- Many official languages: Zimbabwe (16) and South Africa (12) give official status to many African languages
- African language as the main national language: Tanzania uses Swahili in government and primary schools; Ethiopia uses Amharic and regional languages
- Several co-official languages: Cameroon (French and English); Rwanda (Kinyarwanda, English, French and Swahili); Burundi (Kirundi, French and English)
Language in Education
Research consistently shows that children learn to read more easily in a language they already speak, yet most African school systems switch to English, French or Portuguese early:
- Mother-tongue education: Ethiopia teaches in regional languages in primary school; Tanzania uses Swahili throughout primary education
- Transitional model: many countries teach in local languages for the first few years, then switch to English or French
- European language from the start: common in French-speaking Africa, although bilingual schools using national languages are expanding
Language Endangerment and Preservation
Hundreds of African languages are endangered, especially small languages whose speakers are shifting to a regional lingua franca or an official language. Efforts to preserve them include:
- UNESCO's World Atlas of Languages and community documentation projects
- Dictionaries, school materials and radio programmes in local languages
- Digital tools such as keyboards, machine translation and online content in African languages
- The African Union's African Academy of Languages (ACALAN), which promotes African languages
Official Languages of Every African Country
| Country | Official language(s) | Other widely spoken languages | Region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | Arabic, Tamazight (Berber) | Algerian Arabic, Kabyle, Chaoui, French (widely used) | North Africa |
| Egypt | Arabic | Egyptian Arabic, English and French (business, tourism) | North Africa |
| Libya | Arabic | Libyan Arabic, Berber languages (Tamazight), Tuareg | North Africa |
| Morocco | Arabic, Tamazight (Berber) | Moroccan Arabic (Darija), Tashelhit, Tamazight, Tarifit, French (widely used) | North Africa |
| Sudan | Arabic, English | Sudanese Arabic, Beja, Fur, Nubian languages | North Africa |
| Tunisia | Arabic | Tunisian Arabic, French (widely used) | North Africa |
| Benin | French | Fon, Yoruba, Bariba, Adja | West Africa |
| Burkina Faso | National languages including Mooré, Dioula and Fulfulde (since 2023); French is a working language | Mooré, Dioula, Fulfulde, Gourmanché | West Africa |
| Cabo Verde | Portuguese | Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) | West Africa |
| Côte d'Ivoire | French | Dioula, Baoulé, Bété, Senufo | West Africa |
| Gambia | English | Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Jola | West Africa |
| Ghana | English | Akan (Twi, Fante), Ewe, Ga, Dagbani | West Africa |
| Guinea | French | Pular (Fula), Maninka, Susu | West Africa |
| Guinea-Bissau | Portuguese | Guinea-Bissau Creole (Kriol), Balanta, Fula, Mandinka | West Africa |
| Liberia | English | Liberian English, Kpelle, Bassa, Kru | West Africa |
| Mali | 13 national languages including Bambara (since 2023); French is a working language | Bambara, Fula, Soninke, Songhai, Tamasheq | West Africa |
| Mauritania | Arabic | Hassaniya Arabic, Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, French | West Africa |
| Niger | Hausa named national language by the 2025 transition charter; French and English are working languages | Hausa, Zarma-Songhai, Tamasheq, Fula, Kanuri | West Africa |
| Nigeria | English | Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fulfulde, Kanuri, Nigerian Pidgin | West Africa |
| Senegal | French | Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Jola, Mandinka | West Africa |
| Sierra Leone | English | Krio, Mende, Temne | West Africa |
| Togo | French | Ewe, Kabiyè, Mina | West Africa |
| Burundi | Kirundi, French, English | Kirundi, Swahili | East Africa |
| Comoros | Comorian (Shikomori), Arabic, French | Comorian dialects | East Africa |
| Djibouti | French, Arabic | Somali, Afar | East Africa |
| Eritrea | No de jure official language; Tigrinya, Arabic and English are working languages | Tigrinya, Tigre, Saho, Afar, Bilen | East Africa |
| Ethiopia | Amharic (federal working language); Afaan Oromo, Somali, Tigrinya and Afar approved as additional federal working languages in 2020 | Oromo, Amharic, Somali, Tigrinya, Sidamo, Afar | East Africa |
| Kenya | English, Swahili | Kikuyu, Luhya, Luo (Dholuo), Kalenjin, Kamba | East Africa |
| Madagascar | Malagasy, French | Malagasy dialects | East Africa |
| Malawi | English (Chichewa is the national language) | Chichewa, Yao, Tumbuka, Lomwe | East Africa |
| Mauritius | No de jure official language; English and French used in government | Mauritian Creole, Bhojpuri, French | East Africa |
| Mozambique | Portuguese | Emakhuwa, Xichangana (Tsonga), Cisena, Elomwe | East Africa |
| Rwanda | Kinyarwanda, English, French, Swahili | Kinyarwanda | East Africa |
| Seychelles | Seychellois Creole, English, French | Seychellois Creole | East Africa |
| Somalia | Somali, Arabic | Somali (incl. Maay), English, Italian | East Africa |
| South Sudan | English | Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Juba Arabic | East Africa |
| Tanzania | Swahili, English | Sukuma, Chaga, Nyamwezi, Haya | East Africa |
| Uganda | English, Swahili | Luganda, Runyankole, Lusoga, Acholi | East Africa |
| Zambia | English | Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi | East Africa |
| Zimbabwe | 16 official languages including English, Shona and Ndebele | Shona, Ndebele, Tonga, Kalanga | East Africa |
| Angola | Portuguese | Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo, Chokwe | Central Africa |
| Cameroon | French, English | Cameroonian Pidgin, Fula, Ewondo, Bamileke languages | Central Africa |
| Central African Republic | French, Sango | Sango, Banda, Gbaya | Central Africa |
| Chad | French, Arabic | Chadian Arabic, Sara, Kanembu | Central Africa |
| DR Congo | French (national languages: Lingala, Kikongo, Swahili, Tshiluba) | Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, Tshiluba | Central Africa |
| Equatorial Guinea | Spanish, French, Portuguese | Fang, Bubi, Annobonese | Central Africa |
| Gabon | French | Fang, Myene, Punu, Nzebi | Central Africa |
| Republic of the Congo | French | Lingala, Kituba (Munukutuba), Teke | Central Africa |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Portuguese | Forro, Angolar, Principense | Central Africa |
| Botswana | English (Setswana is the national language) | Setswana, Kalanga | Southern Africa |
| Eswatini | Swati (siSwati), English | siSwati, Zulu | Southern Africa |
| Lesotho | Sesotho, English | Sesotho, Zulu, Xhosa | Southern Africa |
| Namibia | English | Oshiwambo, Nama/Damara, Afrikaans, Otjiherero, German | Southern Africa |
| South Africa | 12 official languages: English, Afrikaans, Zulu, Xhosa, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Tswana, Tsonga, Swati, Venda, Ndebele and South African Sign Language | Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho | Southern Africa |
Frequently Asked Questions
How many languages are spoken in Africa?
Africa has roughly 2,000 living languages, about a third of the world's total. Nigeria alone has more than 500, and DR Congo, Cameroon and Ethiopia each have 80 to 250. Exact counts vary because linguists disagree on where to draw the line between a language and a dialect.
What is the most spoken language in Africa?
Arabic is the most spoken language in Africa, with about 250 million speakers, mostly in North Africa and Sudan. English, French and Swahili follow, each with 100 million or more speakers, most of whom use them as a second language.
Which African countries speak Swahili?
Swahili is an official language of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda, and a national language of DR Congo. It is also spoken in Burundi, northern Mozambique, the Comoros and parts of Somalia, and it is one of the African Union's working languages.
How many African countries have French as an official language?
French is an official language in 18 African countries as of 2026. Mali and Burkina Faso (2023) and Niger (2025) reclassified it as a working language, and it is widely used without official status in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritius.
Which African country has the most official languages?
Zimbabwe has the most, with 16 official languages under its 2013 constitution. South Africa has 12, including South African Sign Language, which was added in 2023.
Last updated: September 2026. Speaker numbers are approximate estimates.
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